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#10Laqan by Gwaur
LaqanEnglish

Theɱfag zhandaye, grenen brud razhm htogga. Greɱfa naqeoya qhon? Greɱfanaqefag, greɱfanaqei htogyebu. Haŋ qlemag razhd bruta, murhaen phatefa mheta, haŋ bru hphamanen mher.

Yall fight them with the good spear when yall are strong. Will yall start fighting? If yall start fighting, yall'll rightly start fighting. They learn from yall that, when forcing their spears, they'll see that yall'll die.

Glossary

  • bru – prn. 3 PL
  • gren – v. to fight
  • haŋ...haŋ – prn. RELATIVE
  • htog – adj. good/right/justified
  • hphamen – v. to learn
  • mhe – prn. 2 PL
  • murhe – v. to see
  • naqe – v. to start/commence
  • phate – v. to die
  • theŋ – v. to be
  • qle – v. to force/launch
  • qhoŋ – adv. FUTURE/INTENTION MARKER
  • razh – n. spear
  • zhanda – adj. strong

GRAMMAR

NOUN GRAMMAR

Cases present in the text:

  • -d TELIC ACCUSATIVE
  • -g INESSIVE
  • –(a)m INSTRUMENTAL

ADJECTIVE GRAMMAR

Adjectives come after the thing they describe.

Adjectives agree with the number of the thing they describe. The affixes change based on whether they describe persons or nouns.

personnoun
singular-Ø-ga
plural-ye-gun

DERIVATION

Adjectives are adverbialized using the suffixes -bu and -yu. When adjectives are adverbialized, the adjective has to agree with the nounness/personness and number of the subject. The -yu suffix is normally used, but of the nounness/personness&number affis is -ye, the adverbializer suffix is -bu.

PRONOUN GRAMMAR

Cases present in the text:

  • -d ATELIC ACCUSATIVE
  • -ta GENITIVE
  • -r CAUSER

RELATIVE PRONOUNG HAŊ...HAŊ

The special relative pronoun haŋ...haŋ surrounds a subordinate sentence to make the whole sentence into a kind-of single noun phrase.

VERB GRAMMAR

VERB-MODIFYING ADVERB WORDS

They come after the verb.

VERB CONJUGATION

The last syllable of a verb changes its vowel depending on person. The dictionary form is always -e-, meaning second person.

vowel
first-i-
second-e-
third-a-

Affixes are added to signify mood and number.

indicativeimperativeinterrogative
singular-i-afa-ye
plural-en-age-oya

DERIVATIONS

Verbs are derived into nouns (the act of doing it) using the following suffixes, based on the person and number of whose action it is. When this derivation is done, the last vowel of the verb will stay as -e-.

singularplural
first-se-pa
second-de-fa
third-zu-ma