/r/conlangs Chat Network Relay Game - Learn a Lang Natlang Relay 8

#14Esperanto by Kimura
EsperantoEnglish

Kulo mordis min.
Poste dek du horoj li donis dozon al mi.
Li donis al mi du pli, kaj en sep tagoj du pli.
Se mi ingestas dozojn tage, estos resaniĝonta.

A mosquito has bitten me.
After twelve hours he has given me a dose.
He has given me two more, and within seven days two more.
If I take daily doses, I will have healed.

  • Leksiko (vocab):
  • O-vortoj kaj a-vortoj (nouns and adjectives):
    • dozo: dose
    • horo: hour
    • kulo: mosquito
    • tago: day (adjective form: taga, daily)
  • Verboj (verbs) (shown in infinitive):
    • doni: to give
    • esti: to be
    • ingesti: to take (as in medicine), to ingest
    • mordi: to bite
    • resaniĝi: to heal (become well)
  • Konjunkcioj (conjunctions):
    • en: in
    • kaj: and
    • pli: more
    • poste: after
    • se: if
  • Nombroj (numbers):
    • dek: ten
    • du: two
    • sep: seven
  • Gramatiko (grammar):
    • *Nouns end in -o. Adjectives end in -a. In many cases, a noun can be "adjectivified" and vice versa by swapping the ending.
    • *Adverbs end in -e, and usually follow the verbs they act on. While they are the same base word as the adjective (rapida/rapide -> rapid/rapidly), adverbs do not take plural or accusative suffixes.
    • *Plurals are formed by adding -j to the end. If a noun is plural, so is its adjective(s).
    • *Direct objects (accusative, what is acted upon) end in -n. Adjective(s) applying to the direct object must also have an -n applied. If plural, the -n goes after the -j (so "pomojn" is "apples" as a direct object). For the love of Zamenhof, DON'T USE -N WITH THE VERB "ESTI". The thing after "to be" is referring to the same object as the subject, so it's not accusative.
    • *Basic pronouns:
      • *mi: I
      • *vi: you
      • *li: he
      • *ŝi: she
      • *ĝi: it
      • *ni: we
      • *ili: they
    • *Possessive pronouns are formed by adding -a like an adjective ("mia" is "my", "via" is "your", etc). Accusative and plural endings also apply, both to basic and possessive pronouns.
    • *Verb endings:
      • *-as: present tense
      • *-is: past tense
      • *-os: future tense
      • *-us: conditional
      • *-u: command
      • *-i: infinitive (also used to chain verbs together, like "povas lerni" is "can learn")
    • *Participles are a kind of complex verb that gives context to the "state" of a verb, and tends to take the form "esti [verb_root][participle]". The tense of "esti" shows whether it's past/present/future, and is independent of the participle tense itself, so you can have "estas manĝonta" (are about to eat), "estos manĝinta" (will be about to finish eating), "estis manĝanta" (was about to be eating), and so on.
      • *-inta: action recently completed
      • *-anta: action still in progress
      • *-onta: action soon to begin

Word order is flexible (endings determine the role of a word in the sentence), but most Esperantists use SVO order.