/r/conlangs Chat Network Relay Game - Discord Inauguration Any-Lang-Goes Relay

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	Finnish	English
#2	Finnish by Gwaur
	Surulla ei ole kohtaloa. Niin, sillä on vain räsy, räsy pohjalla ja huipulla; toivon lippu joka repeää ja rikkoontuu kun usko puhkeaa.	Grief has no fate. Yes, it merely has a rag, a rag at the bottom and on the top; a flag of hope that tears and breaks when faith sprouts.

ei – v. does not
huippu – n. top, peak
ja – conj. and
joka – prn. which, that
kohtalo – n. fate, destiny
kun – conj/adv. when (indicative)
lippu – n. flag, ticket
niin – part. yes, so, affirmative
olla – v. to be
pohja – n. bottom
puhjeta – v. to burst, sprout (intrans.)
revetä – v. to tear (intrans.)
rikkoontua – v. to break (intrans.)
räsy – n. rag
se – prn. it
suru – n. grief, sorrow, mourning
toivo – n. hope, wish
usko – n. trust, faith
vain – adv. only, merely

CONSONANT GRADATION

Consonant gradation pairs:

Strong	Weak
pp	p
p	v
nt	nn
hk	hj

Consonant gradation occurs with certain forms when a member of a gradation pair occurs at the boundary of the stem's last two syllables.

VERB GRAMMAR

GENERIC

Personal suffixes for verbs are mostly the same across verb types:

	Singular	Plural
1	-n	-mme
2	-t	-tte
3	*	-vat/vät

*) The 3S affix varies slightly.

Basic structure of a conjugated verb is STEM-TM-P where stem is the stem, TM is a tense/mood affix, and P is a personal affix.

VERB TYPE I: -Va/Vä infinitives

Infinitive is stem + strong grade + -a/ä. Stem alone is infinitive suffix removed and strong grade.

The consonant grades for the present indicative are:

Person	Grade
1	Weak
2	Weak
3	Strong

In the -oa/öä/ua/yä subclasses of this verb type, the tense/mood affix for present indicative is zero.

The third person singular affix is an elongation of the preceding vowel.

VERB TYPE IV: -ta/tä infinitives

Infinitive is stem + weak grade + -ta/tä. Stem alone is infinitive suffix removed and strong grade.

The consonant grade for the present indicative is strong for all persons in active voice.

The tense/mood affix for present indicative is -a/ä-.

The third person singular affix is an elongation of the preceding vowel.

IRREGULAR VERB: olla

In present indicative, olla "to be" conjugates accordingly.

	Singular	Plural
1	olen	olemme
2	olet	olette
3	on	ovat

Besides basic copula function, the verb is also used to indicate possession; the adessive case is used to mark the possessor. In a positive clause, the possessed thing is in the nominative case and in a negative clause, the possessed thing is in the partitive case.

NEGATION VERB: ei

Negation verb is placed before the negated verb. The negation verb doesn't have an infinitive form, and the dictionary form is the 3S form.

	Singular	Plural
1	en	emme
2	et	ette
3	ei	eivät

When used, the negation verb triggers a connegative ("with negative") form on the negated verb. The connegative form is the STEM-TM-P pattern only with the personal affix removed, as it is moved over to the negation verb.

NOUN GRAMMAR

The cases present in this text are:

Case	Affix	Functions
Nominative	zero	1. Mention of the noun.
		2. Subject of an active clause.
		3. Possessed in positive clause.
Partitive	-a/ä	Possessed in negative clause.
Genitive	-n	Owner/concern of something.
Adessive	-lla/llä	1. Spatial location of on the top of or near/at something.
		2. Marker of a possessor when using the verb "olla".

The consonant grade switches from the nominative grade with the genitive and adessive cases with the exception of the nouns "pohja" and "toivo", for whatever silly reason.