Lexicon
- a pn.
- I, me, 1S
- ERG era, DAT ande, GEN e, ABL as, COM aik
- as conj.
- amares, amareṭ- v.t.
- 1. (ambtr.) to sing, to chant;
- 2. (tr.) to honor, to commemorate;
- 3. (intr.) to celebrate
- cap, cep- n.n.
- location, spot
- SG ERG cepta, DAT cabme; PL ABS cab, ERG cebru, DAT cepie
- dacek, daceḳ- v.t.
- 1. (intr.) to swim;
- 2. (tr.) to swim along
- hu pn.
- there, yonder, that place, that direction
- ERG huta, DAT hunde, GEN hue, ABL hus, COM huik
- ipedera, ipeder- n.n.
- (sg.t.) salt
- ERG ipederge, DAT ipedende
- ipia, ipe- n.n.
- 1. sea, ocean;
- 2. (sg.t.) salt
- SG ERG ipege, DAT ipende; PL ABS iper, ERG ipedu, DAT ipie
- saseŋahek, saseŋaheḳ- v.t.
- 1. (intr.) to run, to dash, to sprint;
- 2. (intr.) to skim
- sate det.
- 1. this, that, these, those;
- 2. one's own
- SG A hite, N saiwe, U hime; PL H sade, A hituedne, N sayude, U higidne
- kehaŋ, kehaŋg- n.u.
- 1. gratitude, thanks;
- 2. prayer
- SG ERG kehagra, DAT kehagŋe; PL ABS kehag, ERG kehagru, DAT kehanjie
- kua pn.
- you, 2S
- ERG kuaŋ, DAT kuande, GEN kue, ABL kues, COM kuik
- nustia, nuste- n.n.
- 1. fruit, berry, nut;
- 2. edible seed
- SG ERG nustege, DAT nustende; PL ABS nuster, ERG nustedu, DAT nustie
- pi conj.
- puar, puat- n.u.
- 1. (pl.t.) group, company, associates;
- 2. (pl.t.) people, nation
- ERG puattu, DAT puatie
- wiatau, wiataw- v.a.
- 1. (tr.) to hide, to cover up
- 2. (intr.) to hide oneself
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Grammar
General typology:
- Head-initial
- VSO word order
- Agglutinating, somewhat fusional
Phonology
- Dissimilation of e /ə/
- ea > ia
- e > a in monosyllables (does not affect clitics)
- e > a in initial syllables when following syllable contains e, ei, or eu
- Affrication
- ts /t.s/ collapses into a geminate tc /tt͡s/
Nominals:
- 2 numbers: singular and plural
- Many singulare tantum and plurale tantum nouns
- Both forms given in lexicon because the formation is incredibly fucky
- 4 genders grouped into 2 categories
- Animate: human (h), animate (a)
- Inanimate: natural (n), unnatural (u)
- 6 cases: absolutive (dictionary form), ergative, dative, genitive, ablative, comitative
- First three given in lexicon in because the same reason
- Genitive
| SG | | -e (replaces stem auslaut vowel if applicable) | | PL | H | -ane | | A, N, U | -e (replaces -u of PL.ERG form) |
- Ablative
| SG | H, A | -es (replaces stem auslaut vowel if applicable) | | N, U | -ites (replaces stem auslaut vowel if applicable) | | PL | H, N, U | -ji | | A | -ji (replaces -u of PL.ERG form) |
- Comitative
| SG | | -ik (added onto SG.ABS form, not root) | | PL | | -ik (added onto PL.ABS form, not root) |
- Possession:
- Alienable: possessor.GEN comes after possessed as a separate word
- Inalienable: possessor.GEN cliticized before possessed phrase (still written separately)
- Adjectives:
- Come after nouns
- Receive case marking as well
- Adjectivalizer -me
Verbs:
- Nearly all are grammatically ambitransitive
- Some make distinctions in meaning depending on transitivity used
- Classes: thematic, athematic marked by whether there's a theme consonant or not
- marked with a dot diacritic, e.g. desaṗ-
- undergo irregular phonological changes depending on environment
- infixes go before them: desaṗ- + ‹ne› > desanep
- suffixes marked with a ° cause them to be deleted: desaṗ- + -°ida > desaida
- Full formation: converb + evidentiality prefix + verb stem + verb suffix
- Stem: root + aspect infix + evidentiality infix + theme consonant
- Suffix: transitivity, object, subject, reflexive, tense, imperative (all fusional so fuck you)
- Converb:
- mi- unrelated actions ongoing over the course of another action (takes past tense)
- Evidentiality:
- ne- information contrary to what is expected
- ‹ji› obvious, well-known information; somewhat scornful-sounding
- Aspect:
- ‹ne› perfective (reduces to ‹n› before other infixes)
- Suffixes:
- Present:
| SUBJ: | | Ø | 1S | 2S | 3S | 1P | 2P | 3P | | OBJ: | 1S | -°iŋ | | -eŋku | -eŋ | -ŋer | -empa | -eŋa | | 2S | -°eu | -uŋka | | -u | -ur | -upa | -ua | | 3S.A | -°ie | -eŋka | -eku | -e | -er | -epa | -ia | | 3S.I | -°i | -seŋka | -sku | -Ø | -ser | -spa | -sa | | P.A | -°ida | -daŋka | -rku | -da | -dar | -rpa | -a | | P.I | -°it | -tteŋka | -kku | -tte | -tter | -ppa | -tta | | REFL | | -eŋes | -°kues | -°jes | -°res | -°pas | -°as |
- Past:
| SUBJ: | | Ø | 1S | 2S | 3S | 1P | 2P | 3P | | OBJ: | 1S | -°iŋu | | -eŋkiu | -eŋu | -eŋru | -empau | -eŋau | | 2S | -°eb | -uŋ | | -ub | -uru | -upau | -uau | | 3S.A | -°ieu | -iŋ | -ikiu | -ib | -iru | -ipau | -iau | | 3S.I | -°iu | -seŋ | -skiu | -su | -ssu | -spau | -sau | | P.A | -°idu | -daŋ | -rkiu | -du | -daru | -rpau | -au | | P.I | -°ittu | -ttuŋ | -kkiu | -ttu | -tturu | -ppau | -ttau | | REFL | | -eŋeju | -°kueju | -°ju | -°rju | -°paju | -°aju |
- Imperative:
| SUBJ: | | Ø | 2S | 2P | | OBJ: | 1S | | -enya | -eŋwi | | 2S | -°ya | | -uwi | | 3S.A | | -° | -iwi | | 3S.I | | -°s | -swi | | P.A | -°idi | -ja | -rwi | | P.I | | -ca | -twi | | REFL | | -°juya | -°pajuwi |
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