words:
- ik - i (pronoun)
- hebben - to have (v)
- de - the (article)
- resultaat - resultaat (n - common)
- ontvangen - to receive (strong past participle: ontvangen)
- voor - for (prep)
- ergernis - annoyance (n - common)
- van - of, from (prep)
- mug - mosquito (n - common)
- geven - to give
- dosis - dose (n - common)(irregular plural: doses)
- twaalf - 12
- uur - hour (n - neuter)
- later - later, after (adj)
- twee - two
- meer - more (adj)
- en - and (conj)
- dag - days (n - common)(irregular plural: dagen)
- over - over, about (prep)
- weer - again (adv)
- zeven - seven
- twee - two
- Als - as, like; if
- zij - they
- dagelijk - daily
- gebuiken - to use
- zijn - to be
- genezen - to heal (strong past pasticiple: genezen)
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word order: SVO(V2), or VSO is allowable with adverbs and after certain conjunctions; in imedded clauses SOV spelling: if two vowels of the same vowel are in a row, this is a long vowel, for example 'geef',
however if there is a syllable after, the long vowel is written as one vowel, for example 'geven'
if a syllable is after a short vowel, the consonant is doubled instead 'zit' -> 'zitten'
dutch also includes intervocalic voicing of fricatives and is reflected in the orthography in that infinitives using with z or v between vowels becomes s or f Nouns: two genders, common and neuter (archaic dutch cases use three genders, masculine feminine and neuter)
neuter - definite article het, and if indefinite, adjectives do not inflect
common - definite article de, all plurals are common
plurals - formed with -en or -s both regularly, however irregulars exist Adjectives - before a noun, adjectives inflect by taking -e, however this does not occur if the noun is neuter and is taking an indefinite article Verbs:
infinitives: most regular verbs end in -en, however some single syllable verbs simply take a long vowel and a -n.
root: drop the -en, and account spelling for long vowel (if necessary)
inflection for person:
- first: (root)
- second/third: (root) -t
- plural: (infinitive)
past tense:
- singular (root) -te/de (depending on voicing of final consonant of root)
- plural (root) -ten/den (depending on voicing of final consonant of root)
past participle:
- most words take the form 'ge-(root)-t/-d, except for words with a stressed prefix, which don't take the ge- prefix (e.g. van, uit, ont etc)
perfect aspect: formed with hebben + past pariciple
passive voice: formed with zijn + past participle irregulars: zijn (to be)
- first - ik ben
- second - jij bent
- third - hij,zij,het is
- plural - we,jullie,zij zijn
- past singular - was
- past plural - weren
- hebben (to have)
- third - hij,zij,het heeft
- past singular - had
- past plural - hadden
Ik heb de resultaten ontvangen voor de ergernis van de mug.
Geef de volgende doses twaalf uur later.
Geef twee meer doses en over 7 dagen weer 2.
Als zij de doses dagelijks hebben gebruikt zijn zij genezen.
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